Heading

Summary

Cases Cited

Statutes and Regulations Cited

Authors Cited

Counsel

Sopinka J. (Lamer C.J. and La Forest, Cory, McLachlin, Stevenson and Iacobucci JJ. concurring)

1. Facts and proceedings

Court of Queen's Bench (1989), 50 C.C.C. (3d) 97

Manitoba Court of Appeal (1990), 60 C.C.C. (3d) 219

... Huband J.A. (O'Sullivan and Lyon JJ.A. concurring)

... Twaddle J.A., dissenting

... Helper J.A., dissenting

2. Relevant legislation

Criminal Code, s.163, R.S.C., 1985, c.C-46

3. Issues

4. Analysis

A. Legislative history

B. Judicial interpretation of s.163(8)

(a) Section 163(8) to be exclusive test

(b) Tests of "undue exploitation of sex"

(i) "Community standard of tolerance" test

(ii) "Degradation or dehumanization" test

(iii) "Internal necessities test" or "artistic defence"

(iv) The relationship of the tests to each other

C. Does s.163 violate s.2(b) of the Charter?

D. Is s.163 justified under s.1 of the Charter?

(a) Is s.163 a limit prescribed by law?

(b) Objective

(c) Proportionality

(i) General

(ii) Rational connection

(iii) Minimal impairment

(iv) Balance between effects of limiting measures and legislative objective

5. Conclusion